<p>Loch Neldricken is a loch in Galloway to the south-east of Merrick, south of Craig Neldricken and west of Craignaw. The loch is almost bisected by a long promontory. It drains via the short Mid Burn into Loch Valley and then via Gairland Burn down to Loch Trool.</p><br>
<p>An inlet at the west of the loch is marked on maps as Murder Hole and features in SR Crocketts The Raiders. However, the original Murder Hole&#39; was a well on the Glen Trool to Straiton road where the bodies of travellers who had been robbed and murdered were dumped and Crockett moved the location for his book.</p><br>
<p>The loch has suffered from acidification but has recovered to some extent, with the pH increasing from around 4.4 in 1978 to 5.4 in 2003. Between 1983 and 2003 the loch&#39;s DOC levels increased.</p><br>
<h2>Water Analysis</h2><br>
<p>Baydukov Island , formerly Langr Island or Bol&#39;shoy Langr Island, is a coastal island in the southern end of the Sea of Okhotsk. It is located southeast of Chkalov Island, off Schastya Bay, facing the northwestern tip of Sakhalin.</p><br>
<p>Baydukov Island is 12 km long and has a maximum width of less than 3 km in its west-northwest end area.</p><br>
<p>This island is one of the few areas in Russia where the murrelets (long-billed and marbled) are considered common.</p><br>
<p>Administratively this island belongs to the Khabarovsk Krai of the Russian Federation.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This island was named after Soviet pilot Georgy Baydukov, co-pilot on the Antonov ANT-25 plane that flew on July 20, 1936 from Moscow through Franz Joseph Land, Severnaya Zemlya, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky and Khabarovsk. The plane landed 56 hours and 20 minutes later in nearby Udd Island after having covered 9,374 km.</p><br>
<h2>Adjacent Islands</h2><br>
<p>*Belyakov Island (Ostrov Belyakova) lies 11 km south of Baydukov Island&#39;s southern coast. It is 0.7 km long and about 500 m wide. This small island was named after Soviet lieutenant Alexander V. Belyakov, navigator of the record-breaking ANT-25 flight.</p><br>
<p>Chkalov Island , formerly Udd Island , is a coastal island in the southern end of the Sea of Okhotsk. It is located off Schastya Bay, between the shorebound lagoon and the sea. Baydukov Island lies only 2 km off its east-southeast tip.</p><br>
<p>Chkalov Island is long and narrow. It is 20.5 km long and has an average width of 1 km.</p><br>
<p>This island is a natural habitat for many birds, like the great knot, red-necked stint, dunlin, whimbrel, bar-tailed godwit and the common sandpiper. Beluga whales are common off its northern waters.</p><br>
<p>Administratively Chkalov Island belongs to the Khabarovsk Krai of the Russian Federation.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Chkalov Island is named after Soviet pilot Valery Pavlovich Chkalov (1904–1938), the commander on the Antonov ANT-25 plane that flew on July 20, 1936 from Moscow through Franz Joseph Land, Severnaya Zemlya, Petropavlovsk and Khabarovsk. The plane landed 56 hours and 20 minutes later in the evening twilight, in thick fog, on a coastal strip in Udd Island after having covered 9,374 km. The three-man crew remained overnight on this island at the home of a local resident, Fetin&#39;ya Andreevna Smirnova. In order to take off a 500 m wooden runway had to be built. Udd Island was renamed Chkalov Island by Stalin in commemoration of the record-breaking event.</p><br>
<p>In 2006, this historical flight was recreated on a Sukhoi Su-30 to mark the 70th anniversary of Chkalov&#39;s prowess.</p><br>
<p>Zavyalov Island , formerly Ola Island , is a relatively large island in the Sea of Okhotsk, northwestern Pacific. It is located on the eastern side of Taui Bay, 20 km  west of Cape Taran, Koni Peninsula, about 50 km  south of the city of Magadan.</p><br>
<p>Zavyalov is a mountainous island; it is 23 km (14.3 mi) long and 7.5 km (4.6 mi) wide. The Siberian dwarf pine (Pinus pumila) and the dwarf birch Betula middendorffii grow on the island. Its shores are a breeding ground for the Steller sea lion.</p><br>
<p>Administratively Zavyalov Island belongs to the Magadan Oblast of the Russian Federation.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Zavyalov Island was frequented by American whaleships cruising for bowhead whales between 1849 and 1885. They called it Bowhead Island. Whaleboats spent the night camping on the island to search for whales the following morning. They also obtained wood from the island and caught fish offshore.</p><br>
<p>The General Francis H. West House is an octagon house built in 1860 in Monroe, Wisconsin. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975 for its association with the historically significant West, and for its unusual combination of multiple polygons.</p><br>
<p>Francis H. West was a New Englander who came west to become an early settler of the Monroe area. He had a diverse career, including lead miner, lumberman, state senator, and California explorer.</p><br>
<p>West built the current octagon house from 1860 to 1861, with walls of brick two stories high. Most octagon houses are a single octagon, but this one is three joined polygons, with a rectangular wing behind and a small octagonal cupola on top of them all. The styling outside is Italianate, with brackets and knob pendants under the eaves.</p><br>
<p>Inside, the first floor contains a foyer, a parlor, a study, and a dining room, with the rectangular wing containing a kitchen, a family room, and a patio. Some of these rooms have parquet floors. The second floor holds bedrooms and a bathroom, with a library in the rectangular wing. From the start, West&#39;s house included a progressive-for-the-time gravity plumbing system fed by a tank in the attic, and an "air conditioning" system which let air funnel from the cupola above into the rooms below.</p><br>
<p>Orson Fowler of New York was the proponent of octagon houses, publishing a book on them in 1847. Its unclear how much Francis West was influenced by Fowler, but Wests combination of polygons is unique in Wisconsin and not an idea from Fowler.</p><br>
<p>Iony Island , or Jonas&#39; Island, formerly Ostrov Svyatogo Iony , is a small island in the Sea of Okhotsk.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Iony Island is the only island in the Sea of Okhotsk that is located in the open sea. All other islands in the Okhotsk Sea are either coastal islands or they belong to the Kuril island chain. It is 1.6 km (1 mi) in length and 850 m (0.53 mi) wide and rises to a height of 165 m (541 ft). The island is barren and conical in shape with sheer cliffs rising to heights of 30 to 45 m (98 to 148 ft). Several rocks lie off the island, including a group of four 9 to 12 m (30 to 40 ft) high rocks about 800 m (about 0.5 mi) to the north-northwest and several detached rocks 160 to 320 m (0.1 to 0.2 mi) to the south. The island is often enveloped in dense fog due to cold bottom water upwelling to the surface. The flood tidal current off the island sets west, while the ebb sets to the east or east-southeast. These currents may reach up to 1.5 to 2 knots during spring tides and create numerous eddies, small whirlpools, and tide rips around the island for some distance offshore.</p><br>
<p>Administratively Iony belongs to the Khabarovsk Krai of the Russian Federation.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>As early as 1849 whaleships had reached Jonas Island. Between 1852 and 1866 the island&#39;s waters were a common hunting ground for ships cruising for bowhead whales — Captain Moses Snell, of the ship Pacific, of Fairhaven, reported seeing as many as forty-five other ships from his masthead just to the south of the island early in June 1855. The fleet would usually reach the area by late May or early June, spending a few weeks cruising for whales before sailing to the south and west, following the retreating ice. Some would go ashore to take advantage of the bounty of seabirds and pinnipeds residing on the island&#39;s rocky shores. On 3 June 1855 the ship Edgar, of Cold Spring, was wrecked on the island during a fog. All hands were saved. The ship then caught or was set on fire. Ships sent boats ashore to salvage what they could of the reported 1,200 to 1,600 bbls of oil that had been aboard the ship, while others picked up whatever they found drifting offshore.</p><br>
<p>Schooners hunted fur seals on the island between 1889 and 1896. At least 2,250 were caught, with a peak of 879 by four schooners in 1890.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>The island is a breeding ground for the Steller sea lion. In the spring and summer, a number of seabirds nest on the island, including northern fulmar, several species of auklet (whiskered, least, and crested), horned and tufted puffin, common and thick-billed murre, Leach&#39;s and fork-tailed storm petrel, kittiwake, gulls, and cormorants.</p><br>
<p>The Adams-Pickering Block is a historic commercial building at Main and Middle Streets in Bangor, Maine. Built in 1873, it is one of the major surviving works of local architect George W. Orff in the city, and one of the few of the period to survive Bangor&#39;s Great Fire of 1911.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Adams-Pickering Block is located in central Bangor, just south of West Market Square, at the northwest corner of Main and Middle Streets. It is a four-story, Second Empire-style building, which is distinctive for its granite facade, cast iron trim, and mansard roof. The Pickering Block, at the corner with Middle Street, is six bays wide, while the Adams Block, to its right, is seven. Windows on the second and third floors are set in segmented-arch openings, with decorative key-stoned hoods. When built in 1871, its ground floor had mostly cast iron elements, but the storefronts have been modernized, and only fragments of the original trim remain.</p><br>
<p>The twin blocks were built in 1871 to a design by Bangor native architect George W. Orff, and was built on the site of "The Main Street Fire" of 1872, which killed one and injured 8. It was one of a number of high-profile commissions Orff executed in downtown Bangor in those years, of which this is a rare survivor of both the Great Fire of 1911 and urban renewal of the 1960s. The building was one of the largest local commissions for Orff, who subsequently migrated to Minnesota.</p><br>
<p>George W. Pickering (1799-1876) was a prominent local merchant and President of the Kenduskeag Bank (incorporated 1847). His maternal grandfather Jacob Dennett was one of the original settlers of Bangor, part of a group which arrived in 1771. Pickering was also the 12th Mayor of Bangor (1853–54), and Vice President of the Bangor Theological Seminary. Pickering Square in Downtown Bangor is named for him. According to historian James Vickery he "was called the best businessman in Bangor by his contemporaries"</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 2, 1974.</p><br>
<p>Built in 1928, Scott Reservoir is an irrigation impoundment on Porter Creek near Pinetop-Lakeside, Arizona. The least developed of the "in town" lakes, trees surround Scott Reservoir. It lies just outside the town limits on the Apache-Sitgreaves National Forests.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Scott Reservoir covers 80 acre with an average depth of 10 ft, and lies at 6,720 ft altitude. It is usually somewhat turbid, which helps control algae blooms and aquatic weeds. This, coupled with a perennial stream flowing in, creates a stable water quality condition. The lake is stocked with catchable-sized rainbow trout in spring, early summer and fall, and it is occasionally stocked with channel catfish. There are also some largemouth bass.</p><br>
<h2>Fish species</h2><br>
<p>Rainbow</p><br>
<p>Largemouth Bass</p><br>
<p>Sunfish</p><br>
<p>Catfish (Channel)</p><br>
<p>The United States Post Office in Lima, Ohio, United States is a historic Neoclassical building erected in 1930. Located along High Street west of the center of the city,</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Lima&#39;s first post office was built at the intersection of High and Elizabeth Streets. When officials decided to replace this structure with a newer building, the lot chosen was two blocks to the west.</p><br>
<p>Lima reached its height during the early years of the twentieth century. As the city became a major center for Standard Oil and as the hometown Lima Locomotive Works became a major player in the manufacturing of locomotives, the economy boomed, and many large buildings were erected in and around downtown. Although the 1930 post office was built near the end of this boom period, its architecture greatly resembles that of many buildings constructed during the boom.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Completed in 1931, the current post office is a single-story concrete building. Each end of the building features pilasters, doubly fluted, and a large triple casement window with a balustrade beneath. Elsewhere in the building, the casement windows are three panels tall and two panels wide; many windows feature a prominent transom. Customers can enter the building through any of three double doors, which are located between pairs of pilasters carven to resemble columns.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>The interior of the post office is built primarily of marble and of hardwoods. Its ceiling is constructed primarily of heavily contrasting marble coffering.</p><br>
<h2>Recognition</h2><br>
<p>In 1982, the post office was listed on the National Register of Historic Places because of its well-preserved architecture. It was one of seventeen buildings listed on the National Register as part of the "Lima Multiple Resource Area."</p><br>
<p>Tyuleny Island  is a small island in the Sea of Okhotsk, just east of Russia&#39;s Sakhalin island, Northeast Asia.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The island is administered by Sakhalin Oblast, in the Russian Far East District of the Russian Federation. It was within the Karafuto Prefecture of Imperial Japan from 1905 to 1945.</p><br>
<p>Tyuleny Island is located off the eastern side of the Gulf of Patience, 19 km to the south of Cape Patience (Mys Terpeniya), off the coast of the southern end of the Terpeniya Peninsula of eastern Sakhalin island. It is 1.6 km long and 19 m wide.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Fur seals were hunted on the island between 1854 and 1897. Over 100,000 were caught, with over half being taken by foreign vessels illegally. This led to the seizure of several schooners by Russian men-of-war in 1884 and 1891 and the arrest of a party of seventeen men left by a British vessel in 1895.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>There are many seals on Tyuleny&#39;s shores and in its surrounding waters, hence its name which means "seal" in the Russian language. It was formerly called "Robben Island" from the Dutch name for seal.</p><br>
<p>In the spring and summer seabirds nest on the island, including crested, parakeet and rhinoceros auklet, common and thick-billed murre, black-legged kittiwake, ancient murrelet, and tufted puffin.</p><br>
<p>The "Tyuleny Virus", a group B arbovirus, was recovered in 1969 on Tyuleny Island from ticks on birds.</p><br>
<p>The Musick Guard Station is a rustic cabin located in the Umpqua National Forest in western Oregon, United States. It was originally built to house fire crews assigned to patrol the surrounding National Forest. In the 1990s, the United States Forest Service began renting Musick Guard Station to recreational visitors. The Musick Guard Station is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the 1920s and 1930s, Forest Service employees often traveled many miles from local ranger stations to forest work sites. Since the forest road networks were not well developed, getting to a job site meant a long trek, carrying all the equipment need to perform the field work. This made it impractical for employees to make daily round-trips. To facilitate work at remote sites, the Forest Service built guard stations at strategic locations throughout the forest to house fire patrols and project crews.</p><br>
<p>After World War II, the Forest Service greatly expanded its road network, allowing employees to get to most National Forest areas within a few hours. As a result, guard stations lost their utility. The Forest Service found new uses for some stations, but most were demolished or abandoned. In the 1990s, historic preservation groups with the support of Forest Service employees began pressing National Forest managers to preserve the remaining structures. To finance the preservation effort the Forest Service started renting its guard stations to the public.</p><br>
<p>The Musick Guard Station was built by the Civilian Conservation Corps in 1934. It is located in the Umpqua National Forest approximately 38 mi east of Cottage Grove, Oregon, in the heart of the old Bohemia mining district. The area is named after James "Bohemia" Johnson, the prospector who discovered gold there in 1863. The guard station was named after the nearby Musick Mine, a large gold mining operation in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.</p><br>
<p>It was originally used as a home station for fire crews that patrolled the forests around the Bohemia mining area. The cabin was used as a summer barracks for Forest Service fire patrols and trail crews until the 1960s when it was abandoned. In the early 1990s, the Forest Service started renting cabins including Musick Guard Station to the public for recreational purposes. Because of its rustic architecture and the cabin’s unique historic value as an early Forest Service guard station, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<h2>Structure</h2><br>
<p>The Musick Guard Station is located on a narrow forested ridge between Fairview Peak and Grouse Mountain, at about 5,000 ft elevation. It is surrounded by rugged 6,000 ft mountains with steep slopes covered with Douglas fir, spruce, and western hemlock. The Musick Guard Station is a rustic two-story cabin. It has a wood-frame structure and a concrete foundation. The exterior is covered with weatherboard and shingles. It is stained dark brown so it blends into the surrounding forest landscape.</p><br>
<p>On the first floor, the cabin has three rooms. There is a central living room, a kitchen, and a small bedroom. The upstairs is a bunkroom that provides additional sleeping quarters. The cabin has two wooden platform beds and four bunk bed sets; however, there are no mattresses. The cabin is also furnished with table and chairs. In the living room, there is a wood-burning stove for heat. In the kitchen, there is a wood-burning cook stove. The cabin does not have electricity or water.</p><br>
<p>There is a vault-type outhouse located near the cabin. A horse barn, a small shed, an outdoor fireplace with a cooking grill, and a picnic table are also located on the guard station grounds. There is room for tent camping at the site as well.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>In the summer, visitors can hike nearby trails. The Bohemia Mountain Trail is a particularly popular. The trailhead is a little over a mile from the guard station. From there, it is a 3/4 mile hike to the summit of Bohemia Mountain which is highest point on the Cottage Grove Ranger District. However, it is not an easy hike with grades averaging 15-20 percent most of the way. A one-way trip takes about an hour from the trailhead. Hikers must pack their own water since none is available on the trail. From the summit of Bohemia Mountain there is an excellent view of the Cascade Range from Mount Hood to Mount Shasta.</p><br>
<p>In the Bohemia area, it is important to stay on designated hiking trails. Most of the old mines in the area are located on private property and can be very dangerous. It is particularly dangerous to enter abandoned tunnels or shafts.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>Musick Guard Station is available for public reservations from mid-June to mid-October at a rate of $50 per night. The Umpqua National Forest keeps 95 percent of the rental fee to maintain the cabin and improve the site. The maximum capacity of the cabin is 10 people. There is no electricity or water at the site. Therefore, visitors must bring plenty of water for drinking, cooking, and washing, as well as a cold chest and non-flammable lanterns or lights. In addition, visitors must bring their own sleeping bags or bedding, cooking utensils, toiletries, towel, and first aid kit.</p><br>
<p>Musick Guard Station is located 38 mi from Cottage Grove. There are a number of alternative routes to the guard station. Contact the Umpqua National Forest headquarters in Roseburg, Oregon or the Cottage Grove Ranger District in Cottage Grove during normal business hours for route information and road conditions.</p><br>
<p>The Broadway Historic District in Bangor, Maine, United States is one of the residential neighborhoods most favored by the city&#39;s lumber barons and business elites in the early to late 19th century. A second and slightly later Bangor neighborhood of primarily elite houses, centered on West Broadway, is also listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Whitney Park Historic District. Both historic districts are also protected under local ordinance.</p><br>
<p>Broadway reflects Bangors aspirations, in the 1820s-1830s, to become one of the chief port cities in New England, if not the East Coast. It was laid out roughly on the model of Bostons Beacon Hill, with a green strip running down the center for the first two blocks, planted with a double row of elm trees. A few blocks further on, the street bisects a large park (Broadway Park), which is the terminus of the historic district. The district also includes some immediate side streets of equal status, notably French Street, whose houses overlooked downtown Bangor from a bluff.</p><br>
<p>The first residences built along the streets green strip in the 1820s-30s were large brick double-houses and single-houses, again conformed to the city-scape of Boston. Typical of these early houses are the Hinkley House, a brick duplex built in the 1820s, and Fred Dickey House, an elegant Federal style house built in 1807. Within the first decade, however, brick had given way to fully detached wooden mansions, though the size and stylistic ambitions of the owners didnt diminish. The district features houses built in every period and style from the 1820s through the early 20th century (e.g. Greek Revival, Italianate, Second Empire, Colonial Revival, etc.). Part of the district was devastated by the Great Fire of 1911, and although most of the burned section was rebuilt, Broadway began to be abandoned as newer and more attractive elite neighborhoods began to open up (e.g. Little City and Fairmount Park). The construction of the large Catholic John Bapst High School in the center of the district in the 1920s, for which a number of mansions were demolished, was likely the tipping point in the neighborhood&#39;s conversion to mixed use.</p><br>
<p>The Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta or Helinium is a river delta in the Netherlands formed by the confluence of the Rhine, the Meuse and the Scheldt rivers. The result is a multitude of islands, branches and branch names that may at first sight look bewildering, especially as a waterway that appears to be one continuous stream may change names as many as seven times, e.g. Rhine → Bijlands Kanaal → Pannerdens Kanaal → Nederrijn → Lek → Nieuwe Maas → Het Scheur → Nieuwe Waterweg . Since the Rhine contributes most of the water, the shorter term Rhine Delta is commonly used. However, this name is also used for the river delta where the Rhine flows into Lake Constance, so it is clearer to call the larger one Rhine-Meuse delta, or even Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt Delta, as the Scheldt ends in the same delta. By some calculations, the delta covers 25,347 km&sup2;, making it the largest in Europe.</p><br>
<p>The economic importance of the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta is enormous, since the three rivers are important navigable waterways. The delta is the entrance from the North Sea to the vast German and Central European hinterland (and to a lesser extent France). Major ports in the delta are Rotterdam, Antwerp (Belgium), Vlissingen, Amsterdam (through the Amsterdam–Rhine Canal), and Ghent (through the Ghent–Terneuzen Canal). The land areas in the delta are protected from flooding by the Dutch Delta Works.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>1. Part of the island of Goeree-Overflakkee</p><br>
<p>2. The island of Tiengemeten</p><br>
<p>3. The west end of the province of North Brabant</p><br>
<p>4. The island of Voorne</p><br>
<p>5. The island of Putten</p><br>
<p>6. The island of Hoeksche Waard</p><br>
<p>7. The island of Dordrecht</p><br>
<p>8. The national park of De Biesbosch</p><br>
<p>9. The island of IJsselmonde</p><br>
<p>10. The island of Rozenburg</p><br>
<p>11. Part of the province of South Holland</p><br>
<p>a. The Oude Maasje stream</p><br>
<p>b. The Bergse Maas ship canal</p><br>
<p>c. The Afgedamde Maas section of the Meuse</p><br>
<p>d. River Waal</p><br>
<p>e. River Boven Merwede</p><br>
<p>f. The Nieuwe Merwede ship canal</p><br>
<p>g. The Amer estuary</p><br>
<p>h. The Hollands Diep strait</p><br>
<p>i. River Dordtsche Kil</p><br>
<p>j. River Beneden Merwede</p><br>
<p>k. River Noord</p><br>
<p>l. River Lek</p><br>
<p>m. River Hollandse IJssel</p><br>
<p>n. River Nieuwe Maas</p><br>
<p>o. River Oude Maas</p><br>
<p>p. River Spui</p><br>
<p>q. River Bernisse</p><br>
<p>r. The former strait of Botlek, now part of the Rotterdam sea port</p><br>
<p>s. River Het Scheur</p><br>
<p>t. The Nieuwe Waterweg ship canal</p><br>
<p>u. The Brielse Meer (Lake Brielle, a former Rhine branch called Nieuwe Maas-Brielse Maas)</p><br>
<p>v. The Haringvliet strait</p><br>
<p>w. The Krammer strait</p><br>
<p>x. Lake Grevelingen</p><br>
<p>y. The North Sea.</p><br>
<p>The shape of the Rhine delta is determined by two bifurcations: first, at Millingen aan de Rijn, the Rhine splits into Waal and Nederrijn, and second near Arnhem, the IJssel branches off from the Nederrijn. This creates three main flows, two of which change names rather often. The largest and southern main branch begins as Waal and continues as Boven Merwede ("Upper Merwede"), Beneden Merwede ("Lower Merwede"), Noord River ("North River"), Nieuwe Maas ("New Meuse"), Het Scheur ("the Rip") and Nieuwe Waterweg ("New Waterway"). The middle flow begins as Nederrijn, then changes into Lek, then joins the Noord, thereby forming Nieuwe Maas. The northern flow keeps the name IJssel until it flows into Lake IJsselmeer. Three more flows carry significant amounts of water: the Nieuwe Merwede ("New Merwede"), which branches off from the southern branch where it changes from Boven to Beneden Merwede; the Oude Maas ("Old Meuse"), which branches off from the southern branch where it changes from Benede Merwede into Noord, and Dordtsche Kil, which branches off from Oude Maas.</p><br>
<p>Before the St. Elizabeths flood (1421) the Meuse flowed just south of todays line Merwede-Oude Maas to the North Sea and formed an archipelago-like estuary with Waal and Lek. This system of numerous bays, estuary-like extended rivers, many islands and constant changes of the coastline, is hard to imagine today. From 1421 to 1904, the Meuse and Waal merged further upstream at Gorinchem to form Merwede. For flood protection reasons, the Meuse was separated from the Waal through a lock and diverted into a new outlet called "Bergse Maas", then Amer and then flows into the former bay Hollands Diep.</p><br>
<p>The northwestern part of the estuary (around Hook of Holland), is still called Maasmond ("Meuse Mouth"), ignoring the fact that it now carries only water from the Rhine. This might explain the confusing naming of the various branches.</p><br>
<p>The hydrography of the current delta is characterized by the delta&#39;s main arms, disconnected arms (Hollandse IJssel, Linge, Vecht, etc.) and smaller rivers and streams. Many rivers have been closed ("dammed") and now serve as drainage channels for the numerous polders. The construction of Delta Works changed the Delta in the second half of the 20th Century fundamentally. Currently Rhine water runs into the sea, or into former marine bays now separated from the sea, in five places, namely at the mouths of the Nieuwe Merwede, Nieuwe Waterway (Nieuwe Maas), Dordtse Kil, Spui and IJssel.</p><br>
<p>The Rhine-Meuse Delta is a tidal delta, shaped not only by the sedimentation of the rivers, but also by tidal currents. This meant that high tide formed a serious risk because strong tidal currents could tear huge areas of land into the sea. Before the construction of the Delta Works, tidal influence was palpable up to Nijmegen, and even today, after the regulatory action of the Delta Works, the tide acts far inland. At the Waal, for example, the most landward tidal influence can be detected between Brakel and Zaltbommel.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Already in the time of Julius Caesar, the "Island of the Batavi" was known to the Romans. Its eastern point was the split of the Rhine into the Oude Rijn and Waal, which at this time were the two main arms of the Rhine. The Waal merged with the Maas in the Roman period.</p><br>
<p>Pliny the Elders Natural History gives a list of tribes living in the "Gaulish islands" within the delta region between different mouths of the Rhine. First he mentions the large island of the Batavians and the Cananefates. Then he gives the list of other peoples who he says are stretched out along 100 Roman miles, between the mouths Helinius and Flevus. The Helinius (or Helinium) is understood to be the main mouth of the Meuse, where the main water of the southern branch of the Rhine, the Waal (Latin Vacalis) also discharged. Flevus (or Flevum) was a Roman fortification on the Ocean, north of the more important Old Rhine, mentioned by Tacitus, and equated today with Velsen. Although the details are no longer clear, there was apparently sometimes an extension of the Old IJ that came close to the north sea here. But the term Flevo was also have used by Pomponius Mela to refer to the fresh water lakes which were in the area of the modern Zuiderzee, which Mela specifically says that the Rhine fed into. So the Rhine mouth mentioned by Pliny might have been a discharge into a lake, or perhaps water running to Flevum on the coast may have run via the lakes to the coast, perhaps first through an ancient version of the Vecht, or the IJssel. The IJssel however was joined to the Rhine artificially, by Drusus, and is quite far from any of the places known to be called Flevus. Suetonius says that this channel was still referred to as Drusus fossa in his time. Some authors have argued that the mouth Pliny mentions is the Vlie, much further to the north than Velsen where the main waters of the lake entered the North Sea.</p><br>
<p>The Kech River  flows in the Makran region, of southeastern Iran and the southwestern area of Balochistan Province in southwestern Pakistan.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The seasonal intermittent river is a tributary of the Dasht River. The Dasht flows southeast into the Central Makran Range in the Gwadar District of Balochistan, and to its mouth at the Gulf of Oman of the Arabian Sea.</p><br>
<p>The city of Turbat is located on the Kech River. The river&#39;s water is used to irrigate orchards and for vegetable farming in surrounding areas.</p><br>
<h3>Flooding</h3><br>
<p>The area is prone to flooding by the Kech. In June 2007 the flood waters entered the city of Turbat after the river burst it banks, and thousands were affected. The downstream Mirani Dam on the Dasht River was endangered.</p><br>
<p>Irvington Town Hall is located on Main Street in the village of Irvington in the USA state of New York. In addition to being home to the village government, police department, and until 2000 the public library, it has a public reading room in keeping with the requirements of the original land deed. A 432-seat theatre, used for many local gatherings such as school graduations, was also built on the second story.</p><br>
<p>The Town Hall was built in 1902 from a design by local architect Albert J. Manning, an early use of the Colonial Revival architectural style for a civic building. The inside also features glasswork and mosaics by Louis Comfort Tiffany, whose father, Charles Lewis Tiffany, had an estate in the village. These two factors led to its listing on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984, and has also been a contributing property to the Irvington Historic District since 2014.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The two-story brick building is seven bays square on a raised basement of randomly coursed stone. The facade is trimmed in terra cotta and stone. The former is used for the window lintels and sills as well as an intermediate cornice; the latter for the water table. It is topped with a shallow hipped roof that has some of its original metal sheathing.</p><br>
<p>At the second story of the front facade, there is a balustraded projecting portico three bays wide with freestanding engaged Ionic columns and Doric pilasters supporting a full entablature with denticulated pediment. It is in turn topped with a three-stage wooden clock tower with round-arched louvered openings, paired Corinthian columns supporting block entablatures and paired scroll brackets. The very top of Town Hall is the clock towers domed roof. This feature has made the clock tower one of Irvingtons most recognizable local landmarks.</p><br>
<p>The main entrance uses an arched Gibbs-style surround. The building&#39;s trim materials show up in the form of solid stone balustrades that curl to form newel posts at the sidewalk, and terra cotta quoins. The rear facade is less detailed, with terra cotta used only for the coping of the stepped cornice; stone and brick are used everywhere else.</p><br>
<p>Much of the interior is in paneled dark wood, with wainscoting in some rooms. In the library, the dark wood is used for ceiling beams with famous literary quotations inscribed in gold leaf. It is lit by chandeliers and lanterns designed by Louis Comfort Tiffany. Its plaster walls give way to a domed ceiling and display niches in the main area, with some open areas featuring decorative corbels.</p><br>
<p>The theater features a complete orchestra and balcony section, with the private booths featuring round openings separated by Doric posts with Adamesque detail. The proscenium arch also includes heavy classical detailing.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The property where Town Hall now stands was first developed in 1869, when a local organization called the Mental and Moral Improvement Society built what it called the Atheneum, which housed a circulating library. During the last decades of the 19th century, the village grew rapidly, and by the 1890s needed a central place to house its various governmental functions. In 1892 the society conveyed the Atheneum property to the village with the condition that it maintain, in perpetuity, a library and reading room in the building and construct the building within five years.</p><br>
<p>After the village had not been able to find a suitable architect by 1897, the society agreed to a five-year extension. Manning, a former office manager to New York City architect Robert Robertson, finally produced a design the village liked, and it was completed and opened in 1902, at the end of the extension. Financial assistance came from some of the villages wealthier residents. Frederick W. Guiteau, a member of the society, endowed the library with $10,000 which he had apparently originally intended to bequeath to it in his will. Helen Gould, who had grown up in the nearby Lyndhurst estate as the daughter of Jay Gould, contributed the cost of the interior finishings and made Tiffanys work possible. The Arts and Crafts furniture she bought is still in use.</p><br>
<p>The new town hall became the center of Irvington&#39;s public life the village had envisioned. The theatre in particular was used for public events such as school graduation ceremonies, police and fire balls, plays and other cultural events. Eleanor Roosevelt spoke at a Democratic rally just before her husband was elected President in 1932.</p><br>
<p>In the mid-20th century, the library needed space and took over the stair area leading up to the theater. A tower was added to the rear exterior to compensate. After the state fire code was revised in the 1960s, however, the theatre no longer met those standards and could not be used as a public space. The library used it as storage space afterwards, with a few occasional public exhibitions, as it continued to deteriorate. In 1978, the Irvington Town Hall Theatre Group raised $100,000, mostly from the village, for the necessary improvements and restoration of earlier period details such as light fixtures. It reopened in late 1981 and has been in use ever since.</p><br>
<p>By the 1990s the library was again in need of space, and had to comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act requiring greater physical accessibility. It moved into another local historic structure, the Lord and Burnham Building on South Astor Street, but a reading room, the so-called "Tiffany Room", remains in the Town Hall, to fulfill the requirements of the original deed.</p><br>
<p>The Admiral&#39;s House is located in the Nolan Park area of Governors Island in New York Harbor. It was designed in 1840 by Martin E. Thompson in the Greek Revival style, and construction was completed in 1843. The rear of the house was redesigned in 1936-37 by Charles O. Cornelius, who also added ironwork to the structure.</p><br>
<p>Governors Island was a USA Army post alternately known as Fort Columbus and Fort Jay and headquarters from the 1870s until 1965 when the structure was known as the Commanding Officer&#39;s Quarters or Quarters 1. Residents included Omar N. Bradley, Robert Lee Bullard, Adna Chaffee, John J. Pershing, Walter Bedell Smith, Leonard Wood, Jonathan Wainwright, and Winfield Scott Hancock, who ran for president while living here.</p><br>
<p>In 1966 the island became a USA Coast Guard base and headquarters for the Third Coast Guard District and the Atlantic Area Command, and the house obtained its more recent name.</p><br>
<p>On December 7, 1988, the house was the location of a meeting between Mikhail Gorbachev, then General Secretary of the Soviet Union and USA President Ronald Reagan, immediately after Gorbachev&#39;s speech to the United Nations announcing "perestroika". The summit meeting helped the two countries to take steps which led to the end of the Cold War.</p><br>
<p>The Coast Guard base closed in 1996, in some part due to the peace dividend which resulted from the lessening of tensions.</p><br>
<p>The Admiral&#39;s House was designated a New York City landmark in 1967. and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<p>San Estevan del Rey Mission Church is a Spanish mission church on the Acoma Pueblo Reservation in western New Mexico. Built between 1629 and 1641, it is one of the finest extant examples of hybrid Spanish Colonial and Puebloan architectural styles. It was named for Saint Stephen I of Hungary. The church was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1970, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The San Estevan del Rey Mission Church stands at the northern end of the large plaza that takes up the southern end of the mesa top that houses Sky City, the traditional Acoma pueblo settlement that has been continuously occupied since prehistoric times. It is a large adobe structure, built in a wall and beam construction style. Its main walls are thick at the base, one measuring 7 ft in thickness, and rise to a height of 35 ft and a thickness of over 2 ft. The roof masonry, about six inches of adobe weighing several tons, is supported by large ponderosa pine vigas over which roughly-hewn wooden planks are laid. The interior is finished in gypsum, with an original native painting on the back wall of the sanctuary. Adjacent to the church is a small single-story convento, which served as the domicile for the priest. The mission also had other buildings, but these are in ruins.</p><br>
<p>Spanish colonial explorers first discovered Acoma in 1540. Spanish colonial authorities took authority over Acoma by force of arms in the 1599 Acoma massacre, making it part of the province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México. In 1629 Father Juan Ramirez began construction of the mission, using Acoma laborers and craftsmen. Materials for the construction were hauled up the steep trails on the sides of the mesa, and the viga beams were transported some 40 mi from Mount Taylor, the nearest source for such timbers. During the 1680 Pueblo Revolt, the Acoma killed the local priest, but the church survived the uprising, and the Spanish return to power in 1692. The church has undergone relatively minor repairs, in 1799–1800, 1903, and 1924.</p><br>
<p>The Loys Station Covered Bridge is a multiple king post wooden covered bridge near Thurmont, Maryland. The bridge was burned by an arsonist in 1991 and rebuilt using surviving framing. The original bridge spanned 90 feet in one span, but has since been modified with a pier at the middle of the span. The bridge crosses Owen&#39;s Creek and is surrounded by a park.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Loys Station Covered Bridge was originally built in 1848. Between 1929 and 1930 the bridge was reinforced with a concrete pier and steel beams. The bridge gets its name from a Western Maryland Railroad station that stopped nearby the bridge in Loys. In 1978 the bridge was added to the National Register of Historic Places. In 1991 the bridge was burned down by an arsonist who was trying to fraudulently collect insurance money. The bridge took three years and $300,000 to rebuild and was rebuilt to match the bridge as it was in 1930 after having been reinforced. Most of the cost of reconstructing the bridge was covered by insurance. On 4 July 1994 the bridge officially reopened for the public. In October 2013 the bridge was damaged twice by vehicles, but quickly repaired both times.</p><br>
<p>Ranchos de Taos Plaza is a historic district in Ranchos de Taos, New Mexico, about four miles south of the town of Taos, New Mexico. There are 21 buildings over 84 acres in the historic district, including the San Francisco de Assisi Mission Church, a USA National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>Before Spanish colonialists settled in the Taos area in 1716, the area was home to Taos Native Americans who ranched and farmed in the area. There was a Spanish settlement in the Ranchos de Taos area by 1742 and there may have been residents of the Taos Pueblo who had farmed in the fertile area before that, in which case they sought the shelter of the Taos Pueblo during attacks by Comanche tribes.</p><br>
<p>The plaza is the original location of the village of Ranchos de Taos, built in the late 1770s. It is believed the fortified plaza was built by 1780 when Juan Agustin de Morfi wrote that "the settlement forms a square plaza, very capricious. Its houses were almost finished in 1779 with towers at proportionate distances for their defense." The plaza included an observation platforms in round towers and torreones for defense.</p><br>
<p>Fray Jose Benito Pereyro, priest of the Taos Pueblo, agreed to serve the settlers of the village. Around 1815, the San Francisco de Asis Mission Church was built under his direction.</p><br>
<p>In 1840 Matt Field wrote during his travels through New Mexico of Ranchos de Taos: "This town called the ranch lies at the base of a gigantic mountain and is watered by a swift stream that rushes from the ravine... It contains about 300 houses, and those are built completely together, forming a wall, enclosing a large square, in the center of which stands a church."</p><br>
<p>A video of the art and history of the mission church may be viewed at the parish office and gift shop, where santos and retablos made by local artists are sold. Along the plaza are adobe buildings that are now retail stores, galleries, and restaurants, one of which was a historic trading post, now Trading Post Cafe.</p><br>
<p>San Gabriel de Yungue-Ouinge, or San Gabriel de Yunque, was the site of the first Spanish capital of its provincial territory of Santa Fe de Nuevo México. It is located where the Rio Chama meets the Rio Grande, west of present-day Ohkay Owingeh, New Mexico. The pueblo of Yuque Yunque was provided as a gesture of goodwill toward Juan de Oñate, and he founded his colonial government there. It was moved to Santa Fe in 1610. The site was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1964. The archaeological site was leveled and plowed over in 1984, and a historical marker has been placed on the west side of the Rio Grande, off the old New Mexico State Road 74.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The pueblos of Ohkay and Yunque were two interrelated Puebloan settlements, Ohkays establishment estimated around 1200 CE and Yunques around 1300. The present-day tribal lands of Ohkay Owingeh encompass the area of both settlements. When Juan de Oñate arrived in 1598 to establish a Spanish provincial headquarters, he at first established a military camp outside the Ohkay pueblo, which he dubbed "San Juan" (a name by which the Ohkay pueblo was known for many years, before reclaiming its native name in the early 21st century.) The Puebloans agreed to make the Yunque pueblo, located between the Chama River and Rio Grande, available as a compound for the Spanish, and its residents were evacuated to Ohkay. In the fall of 1598, the Spanish erected a church and dug an acequia (water channel) to bring water to Yunque.</p><br>
<p>The site remained New Mexico&#39;s colonial capital until 1610, when Oñate was replaced by Pedro de Peralta, who established the Spanish capital at Santa Fe. The Yunque pueblo was either abandoned entirely by the Spanish, or left with a few colonists, but it was eventually abandoned entirely.</p><br>
<p>The location of this early colonial capital was of recurring interest to historians, and was tentatively identified in the 1890s. In the 1930s, the National Park Service surveyed the area but was unable to make a definitive determination. Excavations in the 1940s and 1960s made it abundantly clear that the area was an early Spanish settlement site, with the church site and a military barracks among the structures whose remains were found. After these excavations, the natives began removing adobe bricks from the ruins for reuse, and the site was levelled and buried. A cross and memorial marker indicate the site.</p><br>
<p>The Village of Columbus and Camp Furlong is a National Historic Landmark District commemorating the 1916 raid by Pancho Villa on the town of Columbus, New Mexico, and the American military response to that raid, the "Punitive Expedition" led by General John J. Pershing. The raid and its response, set during World War I, the Mexican Revolution, and an accompanying low-level Border War, played a significant role in diplomacy and military preparedness for eventual American entry in the World War. The district encompasses buildings which survived the raid, and military facilities used in the American response. The landmark designation was made in 1975.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>On March 9, 1916 Camp Furlong was the headquarters of the 13th USA Cavalry under command of Colonel H. J. Slocum. The 13th Cavalry was stretched along the border on outpost duty from Noria to Hermanas on the El Paso and Southwestern Railroad. At least three troops were present during the raid on Columbus by Pancho Villas irregulars. The hero of the day was Lt. Lucas of the machine gun troop, who while barefoot, set up machine guns in the main area of the town and directed heavy fire against the raiders. His actions inflicted numerous casualties on Villas Forces and caused them to retreat back into Mexico.</p><br>
<p>Almost overnight the camp became a large military installation for protection from other raids and in preparation for a punitive expedition into Mexico to be led by General John J. Pershing. First on the scene were elements of the New Mexico National Guard. Various regular units then arrived to provide support to the troops in Mexico. Columbus had the distinction of having the first tactical military airfield in the United States. The 1st Aero Squadron&#39;s Curtiss JN3 Jenny biplanes provided aerial observation and communications for the expedition, although most of the aircraft were lost to crashes in the rugged Mexican mountains. Camp Furlong also had supply facilities and repair yards for the early motor trucks used in Mexico. At its peak the camp was headquarters for more than 5,000 troops.</p><br>
<p>Following the withdrawal of the Punitive Expedition, the 24th Infantry Regiment was headquartered at the post. They were called in the summer of 1919 to assist in chasing Pancho Villas troops out of Ciudad Juarez. With the conclusion of the Mexican Revolution, the post lost its importance and only 100 men were garrisoned there in 1921. All troops in the area were gone by 1923.</p><br>
<h2>Historic district</h2><br>
<p>In Pancho Villa State Park, several buildings remain from the time of Villa’s 1916 raid, and are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. These include the 1902 USA Customs House, two adobe structures dating from the Camp Furlong-era, and the Camp Furlong Recreation Hall. The old Customs House is now the State Park visitor center, with exhibits describing the histories of Pancho Villa, the Columbus raid of 1916, and Pershing&#39;s Punitive Expedition.</p><br>
<p>The historic district also includes the former airfield, which is east of the state park, the former railroad station of the El Paso and Southwestern Railroad (which now houses the local historical society museum), and the former Hoover Hotel, and adobe structure that was one of the only other buildings to survive.</p><br>
<p>The East Irvington School, or East Irvington Public School, is a former school building that served the neighborhood of that name in the town of Greenburgh, New York, United States as part of the Irvington School District. It was built in 1891 to educate the children of a growing population of Irish American laborers, and was expanded in 1925. The building continued to be used as a school until 1972. The brick building on Mountain Lane, with a rear entrance on Taxter Road, has since been converted to a condominium, but remains the oldest standing school building in the area. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The two-story brick building sits on a dressed-rock foundation exposed at the rear. A thin stone course divides the two stories. The school&#39;s name appears in molded concrete above its main entrance, also surrounded with a concrete entablature. The windows use stone trim. The rear entrance has a brick, stone and concrete porch. The asphalt-shingled hipped roof has gabled, louvered dormers on the front and back and an off-center cupola.</p><br>
<p>Inside, much of the building remained as it originally was when used as a school, at least at the time of its addition to the Register. It is heavy on wood, particularly oak, paneling and wainscoting.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>As the nearby village of Irvington grew in the late 19th century, due to the completion of the Hudson River Railroad, it became home to a number of wealthy residents, who imitated the village&#39;s namesake, Washington Irving, by buying, building or expanding large houses along the river. This activity, and the maintenance of those houses, required a large labor force. Irish immigrants, already drawn to the area by jobs on the railroad, the docks and the building of the Croton Aqueduct, filled them. They settled in a previously rural area to the east of Irvington that quickly came to be known as "Little Dublin".</p><br>
<p>Irvington had built its first public school in 1872 in the village, but that wasn&#39;t enough to handle the pupils from further inland. Accordingly, East Irvington School was built in 1891 as a single-story building, educating students from kindergarten to eighth grade, including some from the village.</p><br>
<p>By 1925 continued population growth led to the addition of the second story. In the early 1950s, what was now the Irvington Union Free School District changed its grade structure to the district&#39;s primary school, educating all students from kindergarten to second grade, but by 1955 it was back to its original grades, but reverted again to limited grade use in 1960. The school was finally closed in 1972. The building stood vacant for a decade before being converted into a condominium in the 1980s. The former school yard is now East Irvington Park.</p><br>
<p>The Tacony Music Hall is a historic building in the Tacony neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>The three-story brick building was erected in 1885 by Frank W. Jordan, a local druggist and entrepreneur, as a multi-use facility, with retail shop space on the first floor, an auditorium on the second, and space for the Keystone Scientific and Literary Association (founded 1876, later called the Disston Library and Free Reading Room) on the third.</p><br>
<p>P. T. Barnum and Susan B. Anthony lectured here.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<p>In March 2017 the building owners began the process of opening a sex positive community center. Membership is invite-only and limited to those over 18 years old who sign a liability waiver. The second and third floors would be used for the center by the building owner, Philly Music Hall LLC. Programming includes workshops and community meetups to discuss and practice various forms of alternative sexuality. Sex is explicitly disallowed for the majority of events, however there are some events at which it is welcomed. Participants are encouraged to practice active consent and safe sex, with failure to do so resulting in suspension or revocation of membership.</p><br>
<p>Two tenants use the first floor: the Tacony Community Development Corp. and The Children&#39;s Place Pre-School. The center is working with the pre-school to ensure they have mutually exclusive hours of operation.</p><br>
<p>Malaga Island is a 41 acre island at the mouth of the New Meadows River in Casco Bay, Maine. It was the site of an interracial community from the Civil War until 1911, when the residents were forcibly evicted from the island.</p><br>
<p>It is now an uninhabited reserve owned and managed by the Maine Coast Heritage Trust. Public daytime access is permitted.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Casco Bay Breeze and other newspapers nosed around in the 1890s, then printed stories about a "degenerate colony," whose indiscretions included use of tobacco and of tea. The towns of Phippsburg and Harpswell fought not to take control over the settlement, but to build a hotel for business, and in 1905 the State of Maine took responsibility for this poor island community that nobody wanted. The state built a school and furnished a schoolteacher and began focusing its attention on the unorthodox community.</p><br>
<p>While some saw improvement in the island, Governor Frederick W. Plaisted saw blight on his state’s reputation. Under the Governor&#39;s direction, Maine authorities abducted and removed men, women, and children many of whom were forced into various institutions and, in 1912, undertook the mass eviction of the remaining 45-member interracial community. To discourage resettlement, Maine authorities eventually even dug up the graves, and took the dead for burial at the Maine School for the Feeble-Minded in Pownal.</p><br>
<p>On April 7, 2010, Maine legislators finally issued an official statement of regret for the Malaga incident, but did so without notifying descendants and other stakeholders either before or after the fact. The "public" apology didn&#39;t become known to the public until nearly four months later, when an article appeared in a monthly magazine, Down East, which also procured a statement of regret by Governor John Baldacci.</p><br>
<p>In 2012, a retrospective exhibit at the Maine State Museum was opened, by governor Paul LePage.</p><br>
<h2>Further reading</h2><br>
<p>The Shame of Maine (Steve Mitchell, 1999)</p><br>
<p>Lizzie Bright and the Buckminster Boy (Gary Schmidt, 2004)</p><br>
<p>Harbor Island, Phippsburg, Maine Harbor Island, Maine</p><br>
<p>The Monument Square Historic District is a historic district on Main and Water Streets, and Grove Avenue in Leominster, Massachusetts. The district includes Leominster&#39;s traditional town common or square, which is known as "Leomister Square" or "the Common."</p><br>
<p>Leominsters common is the site of several monuments, including: a monument marking the site of the towns second meeting house from 1775-1824 (which was replaced by the first town house), a Native American mortar (moved to the site in 1880), several veterans memorials, and a firefighters memorial. The Leominster Historical Society headquarters is adjacent to the square.</p><br>
<p>In 1743 the common was chosen as the site of the "First Church" meeting house in Leominster. At that time, an active church congregation was required for a town to gain a charter from the Massachusetts government. Originally a Congregationalist (Puritan) congregation, First Church&#39;s members later adopted a Unitarian theology in the early 19th century, causing the traditional Reformed (Calvinist) members to leave the building and found what is now Pilgrim Congregational Church, also located on the common. The First Church congregation was funded with state tax revenue until 1835, when Massachusetts separated its churches from state funding.</p><br>
<p>The historic district also contains many 19th-century buildings, and the area was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. The city hall and various churches and businesses are adjacent to the square.</p><br>
<p>Mumba Cave, located near the highly alkaline Lake Eyasi in northern Tanzania, is a rich archaeological site noted for deposits spanning the transition between the Middle Stone Age and Late Stone Age in eastern Africa. The transitional nature of the site has been attributed to the large presence of its large assemblage of ostrich eggshell beads and more importantly, the abundance of microlith technology. Because these type artifacts were found within the site it has led archaeologists to believe that the site could provide insight into the origins of the modern human behavior. The cave was originally tested by Ludwig Kohl-Larsen and his wife Margit in their 1934 to 1936 expedition. They found abundant artifacts, rock art, and burials. However, only brief descriptions of these findings were ever published. That being said, work of the Kohl-Larsens has been seen as very accomplished due to their attention to detail, especially when one considers that neither was versed in proper archaeological techniques at the time of excavation. The site has since been reexamined in an effort to reanalyze and complement the work that has already been done, but the ramifications of improper excavations of the past are still being felt today, specifically in the unreliable collection of C-14 data and confusing stratigraphy.</p><br>
<h2>The Kohl-Larsen excavation</h2><br>
<p>In 1938 Margit Kohl-Larsen returned to Mumba Cave in an effort to obtain a more complete understanding of the site. Although her work was considered a great triumph in African archaeology at the time, more recent work at the site has illuminated issues from the excavation. Most of the problems lie with the lack of study of the site’s uncovered artifacts, soil samples, and faunal remains. Additional problems lie in that very little information from the site, most of which is now considered unclear, ended up being published by Ludwig Kohl-Larsen in 1943.</p><br>
<p>Further excavations have revealed that there was a significant disregard for the lithic assemblage at the sites, making it clear that Kohl-Larsen favored large lithics above secondary or tertiary flakes.</p><br>
<p>It has been calculated that only the largest 2% of the stones were collected. However, this is unsurprising since the presence of microliths was not yet realized as a hallmark of the Late Stone Age. All problems considered, archaeologists such as M.J. Melhman have stated that the importance of the site should not be downplayed.</p><br>
<h2>Site stratigraphy</h2><br>
<p>During the Kohl-Larsen excavation the stratigraphy and levels of the site were determined within its nine by twelve and a half meters area. Depth of the excavation varies between sources as bedrock has said to have been to be reached between nine and eleven meters. The site was divided into six beds that are now recognized as potentially problematic but still used for reference in present work and reanalysis. In later excavations, artifacts from each of the defined beds have been dated using radiocarbon dating techniques. Unfortunately, it has been difficult to confirm and fully understand the site due to heavily mixed deposits from the Kohl-Larsen excavations, few comparable sites, and lack of data on the past environmental conditions. Each bed has been C-14 dated; however, some scholars question these dates.</p><br>
<h3>Bed I</h3><br>
<p>Bed I is referred to as the surface level of the site. It has been noted to contains remnants of obsidian, ostrich eggshell beads, fireplace wood, pottery sherds, and arrowheads that are similar to those fashioned by the Hadza people.</p><br>
<h3>Bed II</h3><br>
<p>Artifacts from Bed II have been dated using radiocarbon to 381 ± 91 B.P. Amongst rockfall debris, this bed contains both human and animals bones, including the bones of turtles and fish, some of which have been carved. Other artifacts include ostrich eggshell beads, pottery, obsidian tools, red ochre.</p><br>
<h3>Bed III</h3><br>
<p>Bed III contains a particular rich assemblage with the presence of a kitchen midden made of several animal bones and broken pottery. The bed also includes decorated ostrich eggshell beads and pottery. Additionally several human burials found at the site were discovered within this bed. The ceramic artifacts found in this bed are attributed to a type known as "Kansyore Ware", associated with hunter/gatherer peoples. Also found were Neolithic "Narosura Ware" and Iron Age "Lelesu Ware." This bed has an associated radiocarbon date of 844 ± 78 B.P.</p><br>
<h3>Bed IV</h3><br>
<p>This Bed is recognized by archaeologists as sterile containing a large beach deposit. Dates from available material are 21530 ± 320 B.P.</p><br>
<h3>Bed V</h3><br>
<p>This bed contains fossilized bone and considerable rockfall debris. Cultural material recovered includes a grinder and the remains of a colored pigment. M.J Melhman attributed this bed to what he called the transitional "Mumba Industry" which contains both hallmarks of the Middle and Late Stone Ages. However, after reanalysis of Bed V, several archaeologists have suggested that the assemblages found within are better assigned exclusively to Late Stone Age technology. Radiocarbon dates on artifacts are estimated at 31,070 ± 500 B.P.</p><br>
<h3>Bed VI</h3><br>
<p>Bed VI contains the least amount of bone of all beds of the site, all of which are heavily fossilized. However, there is a large amount of naturally occurring raw materials and associated quartz artifacts. Furthermore, stone tools associated with the Sanzako Industry are present within the bed&#39;s assemblage. The Sanzako industry includes sided and notched scrapers, as well as are what described as "heavy duty" choppers and bifaces. Radiocarbon dates on available material are from 19820 ± 750 B.P.</p><br>
<h2>Lithics</h2><br>
<p>Recent archaeological experiments have confirmed that bipolar flaking, a form of lithic reduction, was used in the cave. These experiments further suggest that the site contains evidence for a transitional period between the Middle and Late Stone Age. Bipolar flaking is described as a hammer and anvil technique of stone tool production; it is an expedient process that produces significantly smaller flakes. This process has been an area of particular interest at Mumba, since there are a significant number of these smalls flakes between stratigraphic Beds VI to V and then in a plateau from Beds V to III. It is believed that the increase of bipolar reduction is a response to favorable climate change in the area, which lead to increased populations and thus territorial activities near Mumba which required more time.</p><br>
<h2>Faunal remains</h2><br>
<p>Mumbas geographic location may have been a strong factor in determining the overall appeal of the site to its past inhabitants. Along with the nearby lake, the cave is surrounded by various types of terrain including the Serengeti Plains to the west, as well as the Mubulu and Yada Highlands to the east. This diversity in environment brings with it an abundance of biodiversity. Presence of tilapia and catfish bones suggests both served as food resources, as well as snails confirmed by the presence of shell middens. These middens also suggests that Lake Eyasi had once reached to just outside the cave. Additionally, after paying closer attention to the faunal remains, several archaeologists have been able to conclude that the Mumbas past inhabitants took advantage of the terrestrial environment as well. Bones of several animals including baboons, rabbits, warthogs, dik-diks, lizards, and snakes have been found at the site suggesting exploitation of the nearby grassland, and terraces.</p><br>
<h2>Human remains</h2><br>
<p>Upon the excavation of Bed III the remains of eighteen individuals were discovered between 1934 and 1938. This discovery included twelve males, one female, three children, and two unknown individuals ranging from as young as two up to sixty years of age. Later examination of the available cranial remains revealed that these individuals exhibited Negroid characteristics. Further analysis, attention to context, and dating of the remains suggest these individuals lived in the time period between the start of the Late Stone Age to the start of the Iron Age and that they were most likely the makers of the Kansyore Pottery and ostrich eggshell beads found at the site.</p><br>
<h2>Contextual significance</h2><br>
<p>Mumba is recognized for its potential in providing evidence for a gradual change between the Middle Stone Age and Late Stone Age in Africa. Examples of modern human behavior at the site include the presence of red ochre, the lithic artifacts, the wall art on the caves, and the overwhelming number of ostrich eggshell beads. The idea of Mumba Cave being an example of this transition was supported by M.J. Melhman and his formation of what he called the Mumba Industry that was largely based on the artifacts observed in Bed V. Archaeologists, however, still debate the validity of the Mumba Industry today.</p><br>
<p>The Savannah Victorian Historic District is a historic district in Savannah, Georgia. It is mostly residential in character and features Late Victorian, Queen Anne, and other architectural styles.</p><br>
<p>The district, which is not part of the Savannah Historic District, was first listed in 1974 and officially extended in 1982. The total area is bounded to the north by the Savannah Historic District, to the west by a public housing project, to the south by a neighborhood of early- to mid-20th-century residences, and to the east by a mixed-use area of Seaboard Coast Line railroad tracks, industry, commerce, housing, and vacant lots.</p><br>
<p>The original area formed in 1974 covers 45 city blocks and is bordered by Gwinnett, Price, Anderson, and Montgomery Streets. The 1982 extension is bounded by Gwinnett, Abercorn, and 31st Streets, and includes a Carnegie library, a park, and more residential structures.</p><br>
<p>The Sacred Heart Roman Catholic Church, Convent and Rectory is a Roman Catholic church complex located at 1000 Eliot Street in Detroit, Michigan. It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1975 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Sacred Heart, built in 1875, was the third German Roman Catholic church constructed in Detroit. The parish was founded to serve the German members of the Detroit community, not only with the church itself, but also with its primary and secondary schools. The church continued as a primarily German parish until after World War I, when large numbers of blacks moved into Detroit and settled along Hastings Street. The German population slowly moved out at this time.</p><br>
<p>In 1911, some of the newer black residents of the Catholic faith established a chapel at old St. Mary&#39;s. In 1914, the growing congregation moved to a converted Episcopalian church at Eliot and Beaubien. The church flourished, and in the late 1930s, the congregation petitioned to move to the nearby Sacred Heart, due in part to the school building on the site. In 1938, Sacred Heart was converted from a German parish to an African American parish. The congregation at this time measured approximately 1500 members, and they quickly utilized the school at Sacred Heart, graduating the first high school class in 1945.</p><br>
<p>After World War II, the Interstate 75 freeway was built through the area, displacing the black parishioners living on Hastings. In 1957, the parish closed its secondary school and, eight years later, its primary school. However, the church still continues to offer weekly mass.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Sacred Heart church is a red brick, pedimented Italianate structure with an entrance projecting toward the street. The wood belfry and spire are painted a cream color, contrasting with the deep red of the brick walls. Six bays with two story windows line both sides of this church. The seventh bay houses the sacristy and service rooms are located in the seventh bays.</p><br>
<p>The Daggett House is an historic house in Slater Park in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. The house is the oldest standing house in Pawtucket, and one of the oldest surviving buildings in the state.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The large farmhouse was built around 1685 for John Daggett, Jr. near the previous site of his fathers house. The fathers house is said to have been destroyed during King Philip&#39;s War.</p><br>
<p>The house was probably inherited in 1707 by Daggetts eldest surviving son, Joseph Daggett, a doctor of medicine, a wheelwright, and a miller. The farm is presumed to have been inherited by Josephs son Israel, a cooper, in 1727. The house passed to various members of the Daggett family by inheritance or purchase, ending with Jefferson Daggett and his eldest son, Edwin O. Daggett. They continued to farm the property at least until 1870, when Jefferson died. The farm went into decline after the death of Jefferson Dagget, and was purchased as a "wornout farm" by the city in 1894.</p><br>
<p>The house was restored by the Daughters of the American Revolution starting in 1902 and opened as a museum in 1905.Advance notice is required for a tour. Contact the park office M-F 8:30-4:30 or the Pawtucket Chapter of the DAR 722-6931 or 724-4758 as per the information posted on the exterior of the house July 2, 2017.</p><br>
<p>The Digges Islands  are members of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago in the territory of Nunavut. The two islands, West Digges and East Digges, are located in Digges Sound, an arm of Hudson Bay, where the strong currents of the bay meet Hudson Strait.</p><br>
<p>The hamlet of Ivujivik, on the Ungava Peninsula, is south of the islands. East Digges Island is closer to the northern tip of the Ungava Peninsula than West Digges. Mansel Island is to the southwest, while Nottingham Island is to the north.</p><br>
<p>The islands&#39; rocky cliffs topography is ideal for seabirds; thick-billed murre colonies are abundant.</p><br>
<h2>Arctic exploration</h2><br>
<p>In 1610, the first recorded encounter between Europeans and Nunavik Inuit occurred on Digges Islands during Henry Hudsons last expedition. Hudson named many Arctic points after patrons who financed the voyage, including Dudley Digges, the namesake of the Digges Islands. In 1611 four of Hudsons mutineers were killed here by Inuit and in 1612 Thomas Button had five of his crew killed somewhere near the Islands.</p><br>
<p>The area was explored again soon after by Jens Munk during his 1619 voyage.</p><br>
<p>St. Johns–St. Lukes Evangelical Church is a congregation of the United Church of Christ located at 2120 Russell Street in Detroit, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>St. Johns is the oldest German Protestant church in Detroit, founded in 1833 by Rev. Friedrich Schmid, who had been sent to America by the Evangelical Mission Society of Basel, Switzerland. The first worship service took place August 18, 1833 in the carpenter shop of John Hais. Pastor Schmid served the congregation until July 1836. German was the language used exclusively in the worship service until 1938. St. Johns was the base from which twelve other German Protestant churches in the city were formed. St. Luke Evangelical church was organized in 1891. St. Johns and St. Lukes merged in 1969.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The church was originally constructed in 1874, and was designed by architect Julius Hess. The façade features a large tower on one side and a smaller tower on the other, flanking the entranceway. A large lancet window dominates the façade and a gabled vestibule fronts the gabled entrance. The exterior has been extensively altered from its original appearance. The structure of the church is brick, but in 1915 the exterior was completely covered in Formstone, a cast concrete made to resemble limestone.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the church is High Victorian Gothic in design, painted white and gold with elaborate Gothic woodwork. The lighting system is historically significant, and the church features a Votteler organ.</p><br>
<p>The Verendrye Site is an historical archaeological site off Verendrye Drive in Fort Pierre, Stanley County, South Dakota, United States. Now a small public park, it is the place where the La Vérendrye brothers, the first Europeans to explore this area, placed a lead plate bearing the crest of France during their 1742-43 expedition. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1991.</p><br>
<h2>Setting</h2><br>
<p>The Verendrye Site occupies a low hill over looking the western bank of the Missouri River, which flows south between Fort Pierre and Pierre. It is accessed via a paved drive from Verendrye Drive to the north. There is a small circular turnaround with a few spaces for parking, with the monument directly adjacent. The marker is made of granite and stands about 4 ft high, and bears this inscription: Here on // March 30, 1743 // The Verendryes // Buried a lead // tablet to claim // this region for // France. This // tablet found // on Feb. 16, 1913, is // the first written // record of the // visit of white // men to // South Dakota. In smaller type, the inscription continues: Erected by // State Historical // Society // and Ft. Pierre // Commercial Club // 1933.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur de La Vérendrye was a leading explorer for New France, who with his four sons led many early exploratory expeditions into the northern plains of North America. By the 1730s, the Vérendryes had established several trading posts in what are now North Dakota and Canada. Their expedition of 1742-43 sought to extend the range of influence further west, with an ultimate goal of reaching the Pacific Ocean. In this they were unsuccessful. They are believed to have explored into present-day Montana and Wyoming, but there is significant scholarly debate about exactly what Native American peoples they encountered and where they went. The brothers leading the expedition (probably Louis-Joseph Gaultier de La Vérendrye and François de La Vérendrye, but sources of the expedition are ambiguous) documented the secret placement of a lead plate bearing the French coat of arms on a bluff overlooking the Missouri, explaining to the local Native Americans that the cairn they built over the site was a memorial of their passage.</p><br>
<p>The plate was discovered in 1913 by children playing on the eroding hillside, and is now in the possession of the state historical society. Its discovery made it possible for scholars to eventually clarify some aspects of the expedition&#39;s travels. The commemmorative granite marker was placed in 1933.</p><br>
<p>Fort Pierre Chouteau, also just Fort Pierre, was a major trading post and military outpost in what is now central South Dakota during mid-19th century. Established in 1832 and operational through the 1850s, it was the largest trading post in the northern plains, and a major transshipment point for buffalo furs. The archaeological remains of the fort, located in Stanley County just north of Fort Pierre, was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1991.</p><br>
<h2>Setting</h2><br>
<p>Fort Pierre Chouteau was located just north of the confluence of the Missouri and Bad Rivers, on a low terrace above the west bank of the Missouri River. This site was of strategic importance for several reasons. It served as a midpoint among the outposts of the American Fur Company (AFC), which monopolized trade on the upper Missouri, and as an endpoint for a major overland shipment route to Fort Laramie in present-day eastern Wyoming. The fort was built as a replacement for Fort Tecumseh, located nearer the river confluence, which had been built by the AFC&#39;s predecessor in the regional fur trade, the Columbia Fur Company. That fort, built about 1822, was poorly sited and subject to flooding. Some of its timber elements were reused in the construction of Fort Pierre Chouteau.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Fort Pierre area was first encountered by French explorers the La Vérendrye brothers in their 1743-44 expedition. They buried a lead plate near the confluence of the Missouri and Bad Rivers, on which they claimed the territory as part of New France. The next major non-Native visitors were the American Lewis and Clark Expedition, which camped in the same area in 1806. A French trading post was established in 1817 by Joseph LaFramboise, marking the start of permanent white settlement of the area.</p><br>
<p>In 1822, former fur traders for the Hudsons Bay Company established the Columbia Fur Company, and built Fort Tecumseh, as well as other outposts on the Upper Missouri. The Columbia Fur Companys assets were purchased in 1827 by the AFC, which turned management of the Upper Missouri Operation (UMO) to Bernard Pratte and Pierre Chouteau, Jr. Chouteau, who purchased the operation when John Jacob Astor, head of the AFC, retired from the fur business in 1834. Chouteau would eventually buy Pratte out, and became the principal operator of the fur trading operation. When he ascended the Missouri River in 1832 on the maiden voyage of the steamship Yellowstone, he ordered the construction of what was formally dubbed Fort Pierre in his honor.</p><br>
<p>Fort Pierre rapidly became a major center for Chouteau&#39;s trading business. In addition to its central location for company logistics, it was also generally surrounded by a settlement of Sioux and other Plains tribes, who traded buffalo furs American and European goods. At its height in the 1850s, the company was shipping 100,000 fur robes through Fort Pierre, and was part of a complex shipment network extending from the Rocky Mountains to the American east coast and Europe.</p><br>
<p>The buffalo was subjected to extreme overharvesting in the 1850s, caused in part by the trade, but also spurred by the advance of the railroads and an increase in hunting the animals for sport. The trade in buffalo fur was effectively over by the early 1860s, when the United States Army established a presence in the region. Pierre Chouteau sold the fort to the United States government in 1854. The government found the facilities inadequate, and abandoned them in 1857, in favor of Fort Randall to the south. Salvageable buildings and materials were transported to Fort Randall, and any surviving timbers were used to fuel steamboats on the river.</p><br>
<h2>After closure</h2><br>
<p>The fort became part of reservation lands assigned to the Sioux in the 1868 Treaty of Fort Laramie. When the Dakota Territory was partitioned in 1889 and the Sioux reservation was reduced in size, the forts land became available for homesteading. It was used as pasture land until 1930, when it was acquired by the state. The state property was further enlarged by a land gift in 1970. Archaeological activity in the 1980s identified a number of elements of the forts structure, confirming its location.</p><br>
<p>The site is now an open meadow just north of the city limits of Fort Pierre, on the north side of Fort Chouteau Road. A stone marker is located near the center of the site, accessible by a gravel path. There are no visible remains of the fort&#39;s buildings and infrastructure. The state is developing plans for improved access and interpretation at the site.</p><br>
<p>The Mitchell Site, designated by the Smithsonian trinomial 39DV2, is an important archaeological site in Mitchell, Davison County, South Dakota. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1964. At that time it was the only reliably dated site of the Lower James River Phase . The site, sheltered under a dome, is managed by a nonprofit organization and is open to the public as Mitchell Prehistoric Indian Village. Visitors can watch archaeologists uncover artifacts in the Thomsen Center Archeodome. The Boehnen Memorial Museum features a reconstructed lodge and many of the artifacts found at the site.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Mitchell Site is located north of downtown Mitchell, on the east side of Indian Village Road, on a point overlooking Lake Mitchell. The site contains what was once a village made of lodges surrounded by a ditch and timber palisade.</p><br>
<p>The people who once lived on the Mitchell site acquired their food from many different sources. The discovery of food processing tools and carbonized seeds suggest that these people were growing much of their food. Artifacts, such as hoes and squash knives are also good indicators that they were farmers. Various types of carbonized seeds and corn cobs show they were growing corn, beans, squash, sunflowers and tobacco.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeological history</h2><br>
<p>The site was first recorded archaeologically in 1922, when it was described as including 45 earth lodge sites, extending northward on a spur of land overlooking Firesteel Creek. The creek has since been dammed to form Lake Mitchell, and the area south of the surviving site elements has been landscaped as part of a golf course. The latter work in particular has compromised the ditches that originally surrounded the settlement. Two house depressions were excavate in 1938 by a crew funded by the Works Progress Administration. A house excavated in 1971 showed evidence of having been destroyed by fire, but included remarkable detail on its architecture.</p><br>
<p>In 1975 a nonprofit organization was founded to continue archaeological work and to preserve the site.</p><br>
<p>Molstad Village, designated by the Smithsonian trinomial 39DW234, is an archaeological site in Dewey County, South Dakota, United States, near the city of Mobridge. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1964. Four lodge sites were excavated in the early 1960s, uncovering post holes and cache pits, one of which contained skull-less human remains. Finds at the site included pottery fragments and stone tools. Bone tools were also found, including plows made from bison shoulder blades.</p><br>
<p>Molstad Village was named after Irene and Oscar Molstad, on whose ranch the village was found. The land belonged to Irene Molstad, a member of the federally recognized Cheyenne River Sioux Nation. She and her husband Oscar operated a cattle ranch, and allowed Smithsonian Institution researches to camp on their land while investing archaeological sites in the area in advance of the creation of Lake Oahe. The Molstad village site was excavated by this team in 1962 under the direction of J. Jake Hoffman.</p><br>
<p>The Fort Thompson Mounds are a complex of archaeological sites in Buffalo County, South Dakota, near Fort Thompson and within the Crow Creek Reservation. Declared a National Historic Landmark in 1964, the mound complex extends for a distance of about 6 mi along the Missouri River, and is one of the largest known complex of burial mounds in the Plains region north of Kansas.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Fort Thompson Mounds are a series of low earthen mounds, extending from the eastern (downstream) end of the Missouri Rivers Big Bend, downriver along the eastern bank, past Fort Thompson and the Big Bend Dam. They are generally located on a terrace above the rivers bottomlands, roughly 50 ft above the river&#39;s typical level in the early 1960s. All of these are believed to be burial mounds, which in some cases overlay older cultural materials.</p><br>
<p>The sites were known but not studied prior to the 1950s, when the United States Army Corps of Engineers began planning the construction of Big Bend Dam as part of a flood control project. Beginning in 1957, archaeologists engaged in a series of digs to understand the sites better, and to perform salvage archaeology on sites that were likely to be inundated by the waters the dam would impound. In addition to burials found in the mounds, features of habitation were also discovered. These include stone hearths, pottery fragments, and stone tools. One of the sites excavated gave radiocarbon dates of c. 2450 BCE.</p><br>
<p>Christ Church Cathedral is the Episcopal cathedral for the Diocese of Missouri. It is located at 1210 Locust Street in St. Louis, Missouri. The Provost of the Cathedral is Kathie Adams-Shepherd. Built 1859-67, it is one of the few well-preserved surviving works of Leopold Eidlitz, a leading mid 19th-century American architect, and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1994 for its architecture.</p><br>
<h2>History and description</h2><br>
<p>The cathedral is located in what is now downtown St. Louis, at the southeast corner of Thirteenth and Locust Streets. The main body of the church was built of Illinois sandstone, and its roof is of purple and green slate. It is basically a cruciform structure, with a tower projecting from the northern facade at the northwest corner. The base of the tower houses a baptistry, with a font of Italian marble.</p><br>
<p>A smaller sandstone chapel dates to 1893-95. From 1910-1912, a tower and porch were added of Indiana limestone.</p><br>
<p>The cathedral was built between 1859 and 1867, and designed by architect Leopold Eidlitz. The Gothic Revival structure was an expression of the city&#39;s sense of its significance as the United States expanded westwards. It was one of the earliest churches influenced by the revival within the Episcopal Church of early Christian practices and styles, which later was influenced by the Oxford Movement originating in England. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1994.</p><br>
<p>Montana silver magnate Charles D. McLure, a St. Louis native, was revealed to be the anonymous donor of $50,000 toward constructing the cathedral (approximately $6.5 million today).</p><br>
<p>The Frawley Ranch is an historic ranch in Lawrence County, South Dakota, near Spearfish, South Dakota. Henry Frawley developed what became the largest and most successful cattle ranch in western South Dakota by purchasing lands that had failed as smaller homesteading parcels. The property was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1977.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Patrick Henry Frawley was born March 13, 1851, in Washington County, New York to Thomas and Honora (Hogan) Frawley who had immigrated from County Limerick, Ireland. Frawley was graduated from the University of Wisconsin law school in 1876. In 1877 the Indian lands of the Black Hills District was opened to settlers and Frawley traveled by train to Bismark, North Dakota and then by wagon train to Deadwood, Dakota Territory, where he set up a law practice. He was successful from the start and in 1879 joined with a partner, Edward L. Kohen as Frawley and Kohen law firm. In 1894 John P. Laffey and a James Frawley joined to form Frawley and Laffey. In 1896 James moved to Nome, Alaska and in 1903 E.L. Frawley joined to form Frawley and Frawley. The firm represented John Fitzgerald (Fitzgerald-Mallory Construction Company), also from County Limerick, in railroad construction from Deadwood to Edgemont, the Burlington and Missouri River Railroad, the American National Bank of Deadwood and various mining companies. During this time Frawley bought land and mining interests in the area.</p><br>
<p>On July 22, 1890, Henry married Cristina Anderson, sole heir to Centennial Farm that lay between Deadwood and Spearfish. They had three children Henry James, William C., and Honora. Frawley began to buy unsuccessful farms in the valley totaling more than 3000 acres, and by 1913 had over 4,783 acres from different farms referred to as the Upper, Lower, Middle, and East farms, that included the Anderson dairy with a brick barn, and a school. bred Belgian and Percheron draft horses, as well as Hereford cattle.</p><br>
<p>After what seemed to be a bad business deal Henry Frawley had a breakdown in 1920 and went to Nebraska for treatment where he died in 1927. From 1920 Cristina ran the ranch as the matriarch until she died in 1942. Henry James Frawley, Sr. and the families of William and Honora Frawley jointly ran the ranch until Henry bought out the others in 1960. In 1962 Henry James Frawley, Jr. had completed college and joined his parents in running the ranch. In 1968 the state of South Dakota used eminent domain to gain a right-of-way for Interstate 90 through the northern pastures of the ranch. Tunnels were built so that livestock could cross under the interstate.</p><br>
<h2>Current</h2><br>
<p>Denver, Colorado developer Daryll Propp and his partner, Mike Kreke, who was head of the retail giant Douglas Holding (purchased by CVC), bought the property in 1998 as Elkhorn Ridge partners and started commercial development along the area of I-90 at exit 17. With a 30 million dollar investment the property contains an RV park, home sites, and a golf course. 2,800 acres was set aside as a conservation easement in perpetuity, through the South Dakota Agricultural Conservation Easement Program (ACEP), a division of the United States Department of Agriculture. Water and sewer was extended from Spearfish and the city limits expanded east of the golf course. Elkhorn Ridge announced a back-nine extension project was to start 2014 with an unknown completion date.</p><br>
<p>The George Caleb Bingham House is a historic house, part of Arrow Rock State Historic Site in Arrow Rock, Missouri. Built in 1837, it was the principal residence of portraitist and landscape painter George Caleb Bingham  from 1837 to 1845. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The George Caleb Bingham House is located in the rectangular grid of streets that make up the village of Arrow Rock, near its eastern end at the southeast junction of 1st and High Streets. This property is included in, and forms part of the northern boundary of, the Arrow Rock State Historic Site. The house is a small single-story brick structure, with a three-bay front facade, side gable roof, and chimneys built into the end walls. Its main block has two rooms, and there is a wood frame addition to the rear.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1837 by George Caleb Bingham, then just married and starting his career. He lived intermittently in this house until 1845, and it is where he developed his signature style of portrait and landscape painting that featured the landscapes and people of the Missouri frontier.</p><br>
<p>The house underwent a number of significant changes after Bingham moved out. By 1870 it had reportedly been enlarged, and a second story added. In 1926 it was purchased by a preservationist, and it was acquired by the state in 1934. It was then subjected to a restoration that removed all additions and reduced it to its brick core. It was given a more thoughtful restoration in 1964-65, whose goal was to return it to a Federal style appearance, given that there was little documentary evidence of its condition during Bingham&#39;s residency.</p><br>
<p>The Joseph Erlanger House is a historic house at 5127 Waterman Boulevard in St. Louis, Missouri. As a National Historic Landmark, it was designated to recognize the achievements of Joseph Erlanger , an American doctor and physiologist, who was awarded with the Nobel Prize in medicine in 1944. It was Erlanger&#39;s home from 1917 until his death. However, the house is not open to the public.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Erlanger House is located in the St. Louis&#39; Forest Park area, on the north side of Waterman Boulevard, between Lake Avenue and Kingshighway Boulevard. It is an architecturally undistinguished suburban two story brick building, with a dormered hip roof. The front facade is made up of two bays wide, with a single-story porch extending across its width. A polygonal window bay projects above the main entrance and a two-story bay projects from the right side. The front roof face has a rounded dormer with three sash windows. The interior follows a side hall plan.</p><br>
<p>The house is said to have been built about 1903, and was purchased by Dr. Joseph Erlanger in 1917. It is here that Erlanger raised his family and lived while working at Washington University in St. Louis, until the end of his life. Erlanger, a graduate of Johns Hopkins University, first achieved notice as a cardiologist, but achieved his greatest success in the field of neurophysiology. In collaboration with Herbert Spencer Gasser, he developed apparatus for making detailed sensitive measurements of electrical charges that passed through nerve fibers, establishing a relationship between the level of action potential and the nerve diameter. For this, he and Gasser shared the 1944 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.</p><br>
<p>The Laura Ingalls Wilder House is a historic house museum at 3060 Highway A in Mansfield, Missouri. Also known as Rocky Ridge Farm, it was the home of author Laura Ingalls Wilder from 1896 until her death in 1957. The author of the Little House on the Prairie series, Wilder began writing the series while living there. The house, together with the nearby Rock Cottage on the same property, represents one of the few surviving places where she resided. The house is owned by a local non-profit, and is open to the public for tours. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1991.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Laura and Almanzo Wilder bought 40 acre of farmland for $100 in 1894 that they named "Rocky Ridge." Two rooms of the house were initially built between 1895 and 1897. Further additions through 1912 brought the house to its present form with ten rooms. Most of the work was done by Almanzo, with help from local carpenters and from Laura, using local materials.</p><br>
<p>The house is now a museum devoted to Laura and her writings. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 19, 1970, and was designated a National Historic Landmark on July 17, 1991. It is part of the Wilder Museum, but is not included in the National Historic Landmark designation.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Wilder house is an irregularly-shaped wood frame structure, typically 1-1/2 stories in height with a raised attic section that approaches two stories in places. The original kitchen and one other room are one story. It has several porches. Dormers and gable windows provide light and air to the upper level. There are six rooms on the main level, and three on the upper level.</p><br>
<p>The Mutual Musicians Foundation Building is a historic building at 1823 Highland Avenue in Kansas City, Missouri. It is also known as the Mutual Musicians Association Building or the Musicians Union Local or the Local No. 627 of the American Federation of Musicians. It was a center of the development of the "Kansas City Style" of jazz, and was immortalized in the song "627 Stomp". Famous members of the Mutual Musicians Foundation included Count Basie, Bennie Moten, Jay McShann, George F. Lee, singer Julia Lee, trumpeter Hot Lips Page, tenor saxophonists Dick Wilson, Herschel Evans and Lester Young, alto saxophonist Charlie Parker, drummer Baby Lovett, and pianist Pete Johnson. The building was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1981. It continues to be used as an active performing venue, and also houses a museum.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Mutual Musicians&#39; Foundation Building is located in downtown Kansas City, on the east side of Highland Avenue between 18th and 19th Streets. It is a two story masonry structure, built out of pressed brick that has been covered in painted stucco. Originally built as a multiunit residential property, many of its windows have been removed, their openings filled either by bricks or glass blocks. The interior has been extensively altered from its original residential appearance.</p><br>
<p>In the 1920s, Kansas City became a major center for a new style of jazz that resulted from a significant influx of musicians to the city. American Federation of Musicians Local #627 was founded in 1917, and would over a three-decade period have as members many leading jazz musicians of the period. The local sponsored tournaments in which musicians competed, whose proceeds were eventually used to acquire and adapt this building as its headquarters. The "Kansas City jazz" era ended in 1939, when political reformers gained control of the city and closed many of its clubs and musical establishments. The Mutual Musicians&#39; Foundation, established in 1929 as the Negro Musicians Association, sponsored jam sessions and events here through the 1950s and 1960s, a practice that continues today.</p><br>
<p>Anheuser-Busch Brewery is a brewery complex in St. Louis, Missouri.</p><br>
<p>The brewery, opened in 1852 by German immigrant Adolphus Busch, is designated as a National Historic Landmark District. Free public tours of the brewery are given. The tour takes visitors through the complex, and those of the legal age can enjoy two free glasses of any Anheuser-Busch product in the Hospitality Room after the tour. Tourists can see beer being made and packaged in a working part of the brewery.</p><br>
<p>The company keeps a rotation of its famous Budweiser Clydesdales at its headquarters; the historic draft horses were originally used to pull wagons carrying beer in the 19th-century days of the company. Visitors to the brewery can observe the Clydesdales in their exercise field and see their places in the carriage house.</p><br>
<p>Some of the herd is kept at the company farm in St. Louis County. Known as Grant&#39;s Farm (having been owned by former President Ulysses S. Grant at one time), this complex is home to a menagerie of animals such as elephants, tortoises, and a variety of exotic hooved mammals. Since 2008, approximately half of the Budweiser Clydesdales are kept at the Warm Springs Ranch near Booneville, Missouri.</p><br>
<p>The brewery was designated a USA National Historic Landmark in 1966, recognizing the company&#39;s importance in the history of beer brewing and distribution in the United States. The landmarked area includes 189 structures spread over 142 acre, including many red brick Romanesque ones "with square crenelated towers and elaborate details." The Brew House, built in 1891-1892, is particularly notable for its "multi-storied hop chandeliers, intricate iron-work, and utilization of natural light".</p><br>
<p>Graham Cave is a Native American archeological site near Mineola, Missouri in Montgomery County in the hills above the Loutre River. It is located in the 356 acre Graham Cave State Park. The entrance of the sandstone cave forms a broad arch 120 ft wide and 16 ft high. Extending about 100 ft into the hillside, the cave protects an historically important Pre-Columbian archaeological site from the ancient Dalton and Archaic period dating back to as early as 10,000 years ago.</p><br>
<p>Graham cave was formed at the point of contact of Jefferson City dolomite and St. Peter sandstone. Due to water flowing and freezing, the cave grew over the years. The cave originally extended about 100 feet into the hill, but an accumulation of debris over the years filled the lower part of the cave with about seven feet of deposits. With a broad entrance, the cave provided sufficient shelter to humans and animals alike.</p><br>
<p>Robert Graham, who originally settled in the area in 1816 when he purchased some bottomland from a son of Daniel Boone, purchased the property including the cave in 1847. Grahams son D.F. Graham sheltered hogs in the cave and became interested in archeology from the artifacts he found there. After his death, his collection of artifacts was offered by his son Benjamin to the University of Missouri, which investigated the cave in 1930. Benjamins son-in-law was persuaded to delay plans to enlarge the shelter for his livestock in 1948 so that archeological excavations could be made.</p><br>
<p>The University of Missouri and the Missouri Archaeological Society excavated the cave between 1949 and 1961. These excavations revealed clues that linked the site to the lifestyle of the Dalton and Archaic Native Americans. The importance of the findings in that period resulted in the site being the first archaeological site in the United States to be designated a National Historical Landmark.</p><br>
<p>Reports were published by the Missouri Archaeological Society. The first report was published by W. D. Logan in 1952 and a second report was published by Walter Klippel in 1971. The site is discussed by Professor Carl Chapman in The Archaeology of Missouri, volume 1 (1975), and by Professors O&#39;Brien and Wood in The Prehistory of Missouri (1998).</p><br>
<p>The cave is now part of a 370 acre state park operated by the Missouri Department of Natural Resources. Visitors are allowed up to the entrance of the cave where interpretive signs point out important archaeological discoveries.</p><br>
<p>The Colfax County Courthouse in Springer, New Mexico, is a building on the National Register of Historic Places that was used as a seat of county government for Colfax County, New Mexico from 1881 until 1897. The building is located at 614 Maxwell Avenue, Springer, NM 87747, and today it houses a museum devoted to the Santa Fe Trail. The building was placed on the National Register in 1987.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The arrival of the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad and the subsequent abandonment of the Santa Fe Trail, caused the county seat of Colfax County to be moved from Cimarron to Springer in 1881. Local citizens were required to partially underwrite the construction of a new courthouse.</p><br>
<p>The building was constructed in Second Empire Style, and is a typical New Mexico Territorial courthouse. The symmetrical, two-story building has a pitched roof, arched windows, and projecting three-story tower. The top floor of the tower held a gallows. The courtroom was on the second floor, with the judge&#39;s chambers in the rear. A single brick jail cell was later added at the back of the building.</p><br>
<h2>Colfax County War</h2><br>
<p>In 1885, the courthouse lawn was the site of one of the last gun battles of the Colfax County War, which was a series of skirmishes between squatters and the new owners of the Maxwell Land Grant. A group led by George Curry was assaulted by a group of sheriffs deputies on the courthouse lawn. Currys brother and one of his followers were killed in the gun battle. Curry pleaded guilty to unlawfully caring firearms, and was fined five dollars. Curry went on to serve as governor of the New Mexico Territory from 1907 to 1910, and a US Representative from New Mexico from 1911 to 1913.</p><br>
<h2>New Location</h2><br>
<p>In 1897, as the result of a referendum and legislative action, the county seat was moved from Springer to Raton, forty miles to the north. The county clerk in Springer refused to release the county records until officials removed them by force. The loss of the county seat contributed to the decline of Springer.</p><br>
<p>From 1910 to 1917, the courthouse was the first home of the New Mexico Reform School, which was later renamed the New Mexico Industrial School for Boys. After that, the courthouse was the site of the municipal offices and the Springer Public Library.</p><br>
<p>In 1965, Springer residents voted to make the building into a museum devoted to the history of the Santa Fe Trail. The Santa Fe Trail Museum displays focus on the Santa Fe Trail, early pioneer life and art exhibits. Other exhibits include a shoe from Robert Wadlow, the "gentle giant." The museum also contains the only electric chair used by the State Prison in Santa Fe until it was replaced by a gas chamber.</p><br>
<p>The Spafaryev Islands, or Spafaryev Island , a relatively large double island, are located in the Sea of Okhotsk. It was formerly known as Korovi Island. It lies 7 km east of the Antamlan Peninsula , the southernmost peninsula enclosing the Taui Bay  from its western side.</p><br>
<p>Administratively these islands belong to the Magadan Oblast of the Russian Federation.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The Spafaryev Islands were named after Major General knight Leontiy Spafaryev (1765–1847) of the Imperial Russian Navy. Spafaryev was Director of the Russian Lighthouse Administration and cartographer of the Russian Admiralty.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The islands were frequented by American whaleships hunting bowhead and gray whales between 1853 and 1885. Talan was called Green Island, while Spafaryev was called Fog Island. Boats were sent ashore Spafaryev to search for whales.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Spafaryev Islands are composed of two islands joined by a narrow landspit, less than 750 m wide.</p><br>
<p>The northern "island", Ryabokon Island (Ostrov Ryabokon’), is roughly triangular in shape. It is the larger of the two, being 9 km (5.6 mi) long and having a maximum width of 5 km (3.1 mi).</p><br>
<p>Spafaryev Island proper is located at the southern end. It is roughly shovel-shaped and is 7 km (4.3 mi) long and has a maximum width of 4.5 km (2.8 mi).</p><br>
<p>Talan Island (Остров Талан) 59&deg;18&prime;N latitude, 149&deg;05&prime;E longitude, is a small roundish island, which lies 11 km (6.8 mi) to the north of Spafaryevs northern tip. It is 2 km (1.2 mi) across. Large colonies of seabirds nest on the island in the spring and summer, including over a million crested auklet, a few hundred thousand tufted and horned puffin, tens of thousands of black-legged kittiwake, and thousands of parakeet auklet and ancient murrelet. Common murre also nest here and in the summer dovekie congregate on the island. Stellers sea eagle prey on these seabirds.</p><br>
<p>Panther Creek Falls is a 130 ft waterfall on Panther Creek in the Wind River Valley in Skamania County, Washington. The waterfall consists of two drops, with the largest at a height of 102 ft. The waterfall is perennial.</p><br>
<h2>Trail</h2><br>
<p>The waterfall and the creek which leads up to it are accessible by a trail maintained by the Forest Service. In addition to the maintained trail, a viewing deck was constructed at the end of the trail which can see the main, horsetail portion of the waterfall. However, those that wish to see the final, 30 ft drop need to leave the trail.</p><br>
<h2>Structure</h2><br>
<p>The waterfall is produced by Panther Creek approaching a cliff and then sharply making a turn. Some of the water rushes too quickly and falls over the side prematurely at the bend, but the majority of the water follows the creek until it reaches a natural trough which then drops off. At the dropoff, the horsetail begins the first tier of the waterfall, which drops 102 ft. After this, a 30 ft drop concludes the waterfall and the creek continues.</p><br>
<p>Mount Yōrō is a mountain located in the cities of Yōrō and Ōgaki, Gifu Prefecture, Japan. Its peak rises 859 m and is the main peak in the Yōrō Mountains that stretch through the region. It was previously called Mount Tagi .</p><br>
<p>There is a large park with many attractions between the town of Yōrō and the mountain. From the park, there are trails to the Yōrō waterfall and to the summit of the mountain.</p><br>
<h2>Reaching the summit</h2><br>
<p>There are two options for reaching the summit. The easiest way to reach the summit is to take the Yōrō Ropeway from the parking lot above Yōrō Falls. The second option is to hike up the mountain using trails that also begin from the parking lot above Yōrō Falls. There is a record book in which climbers can sign their name to record their journey. The trail to the top is about 4 km long.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>The town of Yōrō is on the Kintetsu Yōrō Line. It can be reached from Ōgaki in the north, or from Kuwana in the south. Ōgaki is on the JR Tōkaidō Main Line.</p><br>
<p>White Mountain is a long mountain located in central Sweetwater County, Wyoming, near the cities of Rock Springs and Green River. The mountain is part of the Green River Formation, and contains communications towers that serve a number of purposes. Hundreds of carved figures also dot the sandstone cliffs at the White Mountain Petroglyph site and range from 200 to 1000 years old. Pilot Butte, located on top of White Mountain, is accessible from roads on the mountain.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Like its neighbor, Wilkins Peak, White Mountain is a member of the Green River Formation, a formation of the intermontane Lake Gosiute environment during the Eocene epoch. White Mountain is part of the Rock Springs Uplift, and some of the largest oil shale and trona beds in the region are located west of the mountain. White Mountain contains sediment from a subcategory of the Green River Formation, known as the Wilkins Peak Formation.</p><br>
<p>The peak itself is 7,623 ft in elevation and is located 5.4 mi from Rock Springs, Wyoming and 8.85 mi from Green River, Wyoming.</p><br>
<h2>Communication uses</h2><br>
<p>White Mountain houses communication radio towers for a number of local and regional uses. A tower for the radio station K299AG broadcasts a religious radio format on 107.7 FM. Programming on the station comes from KCSP-FM.</p><br>
<p>The local cable company, Sweetwater Television, owns the tallest tower, on the center of the mountain. This tower can be seen in the picture above. K28JU-D, the local PBS affiliate of KCWC-DT broadcasts from space on the tower as well, and as of August 2009, is the only television station broadcasting from White Mountain. Located next to that tower are transmitters used by the local BLM office, as well as a tower for cellular telephones, owned by Union Wireless.</p><br>
<p>On the side of the mountain facing Green River, two more radio towers are present. One of the towers is used for airport communications from a nearby airport. The other, owned by Verizon Wireless is used for cellular telephone transmissions.</p><br>
<h2>Pilot Butte</h2><br>
<p>Pilot Butte is located directly on top of White Mountain, and was named by early travelers in the region as a signal that they were close to the Green River. Pilot Butte is also a part of the Wild Horse tour, and several herds of wild horses have been spotted in the area. The butte is the second highest point in the immediate region, the first being Aspen Mountain to the south. It is 7,949 ft in elevation at its highest point. The butte can be hiked, and used to contain a steel ladder to assist in reaching the summit.</p><br>
<p>The Glockenkarkopf  is a mountain of 2,911 m in the Zillertal Alps on the border between the Austrian state Salzburg and the Italian province of South Tyrol.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The ridgeline of Glockenkarkopf forms the international border extending between two mountain passes, Krimmler Tauern in the west and Forcella del Picco/Birnlücke in the east. Nearby summits include Tauernkopf (2874 m above mean sea level) to the west, and to the southwest the higher Pfaffenschneidkopf (2918 m), from which the Pfaffenschneid slopes (strikes) southward. This slope is crossed by the Lausitz path at the Teufelsstiege (Devil&#39;s Stair).</p><br>
<h2>Political history and toponymy</h2><br>
<p>In 1896 the mountain, then belonging to Austria-Hungary, was mentioned in the journal of the Österreichischer Alpenverein. The summit was reached for the first time in 1895 by Franz Hofer and Fritz Kögl., page 318 On 16 July 1904 the Italian nationalist, irredentist, and later fascist Ettore Tolomei climbed the mountain, proclaimed himself the first to reach its summit, asserted that it was the northernmost point of the Adriatic Seas drainage basin and thus belonged to Italy, and named it "Vetta dItalia" ("Peak of Italy"). However, the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919) defines the northernmost point of Italy as the summit not of Glockenkarkopf, but of nearby (2841 m), which is slightly farther north and is in fact the northernmost point of the Adriatic Sea&#39;s drainage basin.</p><br>
<p>Tolomeis name is used in Italian maps from 1905 onward. Austrian nobleman and political theorist Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn wrote that United States president Woodrow Wilson was poorly knowledgeable about European geography and history, and that the name "Vetta dItalia" convinced him of the legitimacy of Italy&#39;s claim to the region.</p><br>
<p>Besides the name "Vetta d&#39;Italia", which is widely rejected by the German-speaking population of South Tyrol, local researchers on the toponymy of village names argue that "Klockerkarkopf" (not Glockenkarkopf) is the older and correct name, being derived from the name "Klockeralm".</p><br>
<h2>Literature</h2><br>
